Solutions for ICSE Geography Voyage Class 8 - Migration
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| ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage - Migration |
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks
1. The movement of people from one place or country to another is known as migration.
2. Temporary migration could be annual, seasonal or daily.
3. Brain drain is also known as human capital flight.
4. Both the push factors and the pullfactors are responsible for brain drain.
5. The migrant’s country prospers as money (foreign exchange) enters the country.
B. Choose the correct answer
1. When a person leaves one country to move to another he is known as
1. an emigrant
2. an immigrant
3. a labourer
4. a worker
2. The type of migration in which people move from the rural areas to the city mainly in search of better job opportunities is known as
1. rural to urban
2. rural to rural
3. urban to rural
4. urban to urban
3. The reason people are forced to leave a place is called the
1. pull factor
2. economic factor
3. push factor
4. commercial
4. Migrants willing to happily take up unskilled jobs are known as
1. cheap labour
2. technical labour
3. businessmen
4. agricultural labourer
5.One of the advantages to the migrant’s home country is
1. loss of skilled labour
2. increased foreign exchange
3. fall in demand of certain goods and services
4. political uncertainly
C. State whether the following are true or false:
1. Migration can be internal or external.
Answer. True
2. The urban-rural migration is uncommon in conservative countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Answer. False.
The urban-rural migration is common in conservative countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan.
3. Jobs in a new country is not a pull factor.
Answer. False.
Jobs in a new country is a pull factor.
4. Immigrants don’t bring rich cultural diversity and traditions to their new country.
Answer. False.
Immigrants bring rich cultural diversity and traditions to their new country.
5.Social and civic pressures develop as migrants entering the new country put pressure on the existing resources.
Answer. True.
D. Answer the following questions in brief
Question 1.
Define migration.
Answer:
The movement of people from one place or country to another is called migration.
Question 2.
What do you understand by rural-urban migration ?
Answer:
In rural-urban migration, people move from rural area to
cities mainly in search of better job opportunities, better education and urban lifestyle. A few other reasons for this migration are:
1. Villages cannot support a rapid increase in population.
2. Reduced food supply
3. Shortage of land.
4. Machines replacing human labour in farming in villages. This type of migration is common in developing countries like Brazil, South Africa and India.
Question 3.
What is primitive migration?
Answer:
Primitive migration is one in which people respond to an unfavourable environment by leaving it for more favourable one.
Question 4.
Differentiate between free and forced migration.
Answer:
In free migration, people have the choice to either stay or move.
When people living in a place are forced to leave the place due to reasons like poor living conditions, persecution, lack of political freedom, wars, lack of means to earn a livelihood, famine, etc., it is called forced migration.
Question 5.
What is illegal migration?
Answer:
Illegal migration is one where people violate immigration laws and move to other countries.
Question 6.
Name any two pull factors for migration.
Answer:
Pull factors for migration (reasons why people are attracted to a new place) include –
1. Job opportunities in the new country (many migrate to Canada and Australia from India for this reason)
2. Education (many students leave India to study abroad)
3. Availability of better medical facilities.
Question 7.
What does brain drain mean ?
Answer:
Brain drain is a term that refers to a situation when highly qualified and trained people leave their country to work and settle permanently in another country that offers them better job opportunities and lifestyle. It is also known as human capital flight.
Question 8.
Give two positive effects of brain drain.
Answer:
Positive effects of brain drain include :
1. Better employment opportunities for educated and skilled workers that may not be available in their own country.
2. The migrant’s country will prosper as more money (foreign exchange) will enter the country.
3. Migrants returning home will invest in their own business and thereby boost development and employment in the country.
4. There will be greater technology transfer, greater investments and capital brought back by the diaspora returning home.
E. Answer the following questions in detail
Question 1.
Explain the different types of migrations.
Answer:
There are different types of migration :
1. Internal migration — People move from one place to another within the country.
2. External migration — People move to a new country or continent.
3. Temporary migration — It includes migration which is annual, seasonal or daily. For example, people may move to lower regions from mountains during harsh winter months.
4. Emigration — When a person leaves his or her own country and moves to another. The person who emigrates is known as an emigrant from his or her own country. For example, when a person leaves India and goes to Canada to settle there, that person is said to have emigrated from India to Canada.
5. Immigration — When a person arrives in a new country after leaving his or her own country. For example, when a person arrives in Canada from India that person is said to have immigrated to Canada and is known as an immigrant in Canada.
Question 2.
Name and write brief notes on the four types of migration based on direction of movement.
Answer:
Four types of migration based on the direction of movement are:
1. Rural to Urban migration —People move from villages to cities mainly in search of better job, educational opportunities, urban lifestyle and health services. Such migration is common in developing countries like India, South Africa and Brazil.
2. Rural to Rural migration — People move from one village to another village due to acquisition of property, marriage, better resources, fertile land for farming, etc.
3. Urban to Urban migration — People move from one city to another city, generally a larger one, in search of better job, educational facilities, health services, etc. For example, students and professionals from cities like Patna, Lucknow go to Delhi, Mumbai in search of better opportunities. This migration also happens when the population of a city becomes too big and affects the quality of life. For example, people from Delhi are moving to Gurugram and Noida. Shifting of a large government office or company from one
city to another also causes large-scale migration of people from one city to another.
4. Urban to Rural migration — People move back from cities to their homes in villages due to ancestral property, marriage, inability to find proper shelter or suitable job, high cost of living, traffic and pollution. For example, conservative countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan show urban-rural migration.
Question 3.
Distinguish between the pull and push factors.
Answer:
Push factors of migration :
1. These factors force the people to leave a place.
2. Lack of job, war, natural disaster or political instability are some of the push factors.
3. Examples – Thousands of people from Syria are migrating to safer countries due to war, The 2015 earthquake in Nepal caused many people to migrate to India.
Pull factors of migration :
1. These factors attract people to new places.
2. Job opportunities, better education and health services are some of the pull factors.
3. Examples – Many students leave India to study abroad, many people migrate to Canada and Australia for better jobs.
Question 4.
Briefly explain any four pull factors of migration.
Answer:
The reason why people are attracted to a new place is known as the pull factor. It includes :
1. Job Opportunities : Many people move to other cities within the country or to other countries because of better job and career prospects. These people are also attracted by higher salaries and better quality of life. We have seen recently lots of Indian IT professionals migrating to US for better career
progression and higher incomes.
2. Education : Many people leave their own country because of educational reasons. They find superior career prospects and increased income because of studying abroad. Many students from India and other Asian countries migrate to the USA, the UK and Australia for further studies in the areas of medicine, engineering and management studies.
3. Medical Care : People migrate to other places because of better medical care and superior medical facilities. Cities with bigger hospitals, well-known doctors and medical experts, and technically advanced medical systems attract people to move here.
4. Attraction of Wealth : Sometimes the main motive of migration is to earn quick wealth. Discoveries of minerals, especially gold and oil have drawn people from all over the world. Central Australia, Central and South America and South Africa gained population partly because of its gold mines.
Question 5.
Briefly explain any four push factors of migration.
Answer:
The reason people are forced to leave a place is called the push factor. Some of the push factors are :
1. Lack of Job Opportunities : People living in villages often move to cities and towns in search of better job opportunities. In India, lots of people from Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal move to Punjab, Haryana and Delhi in search of better job opportunities.
2. Lack of Available Land : Sometimes farmers cannot make a living in their own country because there is a shortage of land, or the quality of land is too poor. In such cases, such people move to places where land is available.
3. Religious Tolerance : Sometimes when people of a particular
religion are persecuted or when sects are not tolerated, then in order to escape repression people move to place where they are allowed to practice their religion without any danger of being repressed.
4. Political Freedom :People sometimes move because they are not happy with the form of government in their own country. Wars also force people to migrate. People may leave a country to avoid subjection to a new regime, to avoid a war or because they have lost their homes and farms in the war.
Question 6.
What are the socio-economic advantages of migration which the destination country experiences ?
Answer:
Some of the socio — economic advantages which the destination country experiences are :
1. Cheap labour — Many migrants work for a lower wage than local people in unskilled jobs. For example many Indians work in countries like UAE and Saudi Arabia for lower wages.
2. Technical and skilled labour — Highly skilled migrants are talented in fields such as computer technology, medicine, teaching, space data, etc. For example, the Silicon Valley in USA has more Indian and Chinese scientists and technicians than Americans.
3. Cultural Diversity — Immigrants bring their own rich and diverse culture and traditions when they arrive in a new country. Sharing of culture, traditions and knowledge helps remove racism and discrimination. For example, German migrants to Canada have introduced their cuisine (food) and religion (Protestantism) to Canada.
Question 7.
What are the causes of brain drain ?
Answer:
Causes of Brain Drain :
1. Push factors — They include economic factors such as the inability to find suitably paying jobs in a person’s own country, poverty or no prospect of improving one’s standard of living, political instability that causes uncertainity, political favouritism, and religious and social discrimination.
2. Pull factors — They include higher income and more comfortable lifestyles in the new country, better economic prospects, better educational opportunities including training and research, greater chances of promotion without partiality or discrimination, a liberal and stable government, better working conditions and medical facilities.
F. Picture study.
Question 1.
This is the picture of refugees leaving their country and moving to another country.
Answer:
Syrian refugees leaving their country and moving to another country.
Question 2.
What does the picture tell us?
Answer:
Syrian refugees escaping their war-torn country in the hope of safer environment in another country.
Question 3.
What is the main cause of this migration?
Answer:
War: In the face of an ongoing violent war in Syria, thousands of Syrians have made difficult journeys to migrate to safer countries.
Question 4.
Is this migration because of a pull factor or a push factor?
Answer:
This migration is because of a push factor.
G. On an outline map of the world mark any five regions affected by international migration.
Answer:
Question 1.
When did the early human migration start ?
Answer:
Early human migration is believed to have started when Homo Erectus first migrated out of Africa to Eurasia about 1.8 million years ago.
Question 2.
Why do people migrate ? Explain with examples.
Answer:
People migrate due to the push factors or pull factors :
1. Push factors
These are the reasons which force people to leave a place. Some of them are :
• A lack of job in their own country.
• War like situations
Example – Thousands of Syrians are escaping the violent war in Syria and migrating to safer countries.
• Food and essentials become scarce and expensive due to famine or political instability.
For example – The economic crisis in Greece in 2015 led to severe shortages of food and medicine, forcing people to migrate. The severe food grain shortage in Nigeria in 2016 forced many Nigerians to migrate to neighbouring countries.
• Natural disasters:
For example : The 2015 earthquake in Nepal caused many people to migrate to India.
2.Pull factors
These are the reasons which attract people to a new place. These include :
• Job opportunities in the new country. For example, many Indians migrate to Canada and Australia for jobs.
• Education – Many students leave India to study abroad.
• Availability of better medical facilities.
Question 3.
What are the socio-economic advantages of migration which the home country experiences ?
Answer:
Some of the advantages of migration for the home country are :
1. When many people leave the country to work abroad, the scope for employment for those left behind increases.
2. When migrants return home, they bring back knowledge, skills and new ideas. With these they start their own businesses, thereby providing job opportunities to the local people. For example, In Kerala, migrants returning home from countries such as UAE and Saudi Arabia have opened up their own schools, restaurants and shopping malls, etc.
3. Migrants working abroad send money home to support their families. This money is called remittance, which indirectly helps the government of the home country too.
Question 4.
What are the disadvantages of migration to the migrants as well as the destination countries ?
Answer:
Migration has some serious disadvantages for the migrants as well as their destination countries.
1. Job loss — Many migrants entering a new country rob the job opportunities of the locals because they (the migrants) are willing to work for a lower pay. Many people in the US harbour a sense of resentment towards migrants from South¬east Asia, South Asia, Central and Latin America because they believe the migrants have taken over their jobs.
2. Social and civic pressures develop as migrants entering the new country put pressure on the existing infrastructure and health and educational facilities meant for the local people.. The prices of such amenities shoot up, causing hardship to all.
3. Immigration can fuel racism and discrimination. Immigrants are often considered different different because they speak a different language, dress differently, worship in another way or have different sets of customs. This sense of difference leads to discrimination and the local people oppose to accepting the migrants as a part of the general community.
4. Local traditions and cultures are greatly affected because of the introduction of new or alien cultures, traditions and forms of worship. Many people from West Asia and South Asia feel discriminated against in the West because of their dressing habits and religious practices.
Question 5.
What are the disadvantages of migration to the home country of the migrants ?
Answer:
1. Loss of skilled labour—Young people who have the skill, knowledge and professional expertise leave their country to offer their services to another country.
2. When young people leave a country, the demand for goods and services fall and affects the economic growth and development of the country.
3. Socio-economic impact on family life — When young people leave their small children and elderly parents behind, it affects them psychologically and they feel neglected in the absence of love and care.
Question 6.
What are the negative impacts of brain drain ?
Answer:
Some of the negative effects of brain drain are :
1. A net decrease in the country of people with professional and technological qualifications.
2. The reduction of qualified and technical people in the country will impact the development and growth of the nation.
3. Remittances may taper off after some time as prices may increase.
4. Reduced quality of essential services of health and education in the migrant’s home country.
5. Government and private scholarships to study abroad will cause drainage of talent and skills in the country.
6. With migrants returning home with plenty of money, vast disparity can develop between the incomes of the locals and the migrants.
Question 7.
What do you mean by diaspora ?
Answer:
Diaspora means the groups of people who have moved from their own countries and settled abroad, spreading their culture.
Question 8.
What is remittance ?
Answer:
Remittance is the money which a migrant working abroad sends home to support his family.
9. Fill in the blanks
1. People moving from one place to another within a country is called internal migration.
2. Many people from Mexico migrate illegally to the neighbouring US in search of jobs.
3. People from Delhi moving to Gurugram is an example of urban to urban migration.
4. Emigrants are people who leave their country and move to another country.
5. Immigrants are people who arrive in another country after leaving their own country.
6. Push factors are reasons that force people to leave a place.
7. Pull factors are reasons that attract people to a new place.
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| ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage - Migration |
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